Chemical Preservatives Essay Example

Chemical Preservatives Essay Example Chemical Preservatives Essay Chemical Preservatives Essay It is applied as a chelating agent. Its function is to control the reaction of metal ions with some organic and inorganic components that will result in deterioration of foods. Apart from that, the preservative also acts as antioxidant antimicrobial agent, especially against gram-negative bacteria. Mechanisms of action Ca disodium EDTA blocks the normal reaction of metal ions by binding to their reactive sites. This increases its efficiency as an antioxidant. Consequently, the oxidation of ascorbic acid and fat-soluble vitamins is hindered and also the rancidity of the product. The resistance of gram-negative bacteria is overcome by the removal of lipopolysaccharide containing membrane. 2. Calcium Propionate (C6H10CaO4) It was found in wholemeal bread rolls. Properties It is the salt of propionic acid. It is only soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol. Utilization The antimicrobial activity is particularly against mycotoxin forming moulds, less so against bacteria. No inhibition effect has been demonstrated against yeast. Therefore, it is mainly used for bread preservation, as it will not interrupt the leavening in bakery goods raised by yeast. The other salt of propionic acid, sodium propionate is employed chiefly in confectionery. Mechanisms of action The antimicrobial activity is related to amino acid uptake inhibition and growth inhibition in the cell membrane. Propionic acid carries out neutralization of the protonmotive force by shuttling undissociated molecules through the membrane. They are then dissociated on the inside of the membrane. Apart from that, it can work within a high pH range, which is the condition in most bakery goods owing to low dissociation constant. Moreover, they can combat against moulds and prevent ropiness caused by the action of Bacillus mesentericus. 3. Nisin It was found in Swiss cheese. Properties It is a polypeptide antibiotic, produced by some Lactococcus lactis strains. The polypeptide consists of 34 amino acids. Although it is defined as an antibiotic, it is not used as human medicine in disease treatment. Utilization The inhibitory effect of nisin is restricted to pathogenic gram-positive microorganisms and all spore forming microorganisms. For example, lactic acid bacteria, Streptococci, Bacilli and Clostridia. However, yeast and moulds are not inhibited by nisin. This heat resistant peptide is applied to suppress anaerobes in cheese and cheeses products, especially in hard cheese and processed cheese to inhibit butyric acid fermentation. Mechanisms of action The action of nisin is directed against the cytoplasmic membrane right after the germination of the spore. Its action is pronounced against spores rather than vegetative cells. 4. PHB-esters It was found in chicken and mushroom pastry. Properties They are the alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and are stable. The solubility in water decreases with increasing alkyl chain length. Utilization The esters are mostly antifungal agents. They are effective against yeasts but less so against bacteria, especially those gram-negative bacteria. The uses of PHB-esters are governed by 3 properties: action dependent on the pH value, very low water solubility and particular organoleptic characteristics. Mechanisms of action Its mode of action is very similar to that of benzoic acid. The parabens dissolve in or through the cell membrane, interfering with the membrane-related processes or structures. In addition to that, paraben has been found to inhibit both growth and isolated uptake systems for amino acids. 5. Sodium Ascorbate (C6H7NaO6) It was found in the smoked reformed ham of Italiano ham and cheese tortellini. Properties It is the salt of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). It is soluble in water. In water, it readily reacts with atmospheric oxygen and other oxidizing agents. Utilization Na ascorbate is used as an antioxidant due to its high affinity for oxygen. Furthermore, it is also functions as a colour preservative. It is used as a reducing agent in curing of meat for a good pink colour. In addition, it helps to retard the browning reactions in fruits and vegetable products. Mechanisms of action In this context, Na ascorbate is included in the curing-salt mixtures to reduce the amount of residue nitrite. As a reducing agent, it influences the rate of key reducing reaction in the formation of nitrosyl myoglobin (MbNO). MbNO is responsible for the read pigment of the uncooked bacon and ham. As a result, lower levels of nitrites or nitrates could be used in pickles. At the mean time, it also hinders the nitrosation reaction. 6. Sodium Benzoate It was found in marmalade. Properties It is the salt of benzoic acid. It occurs in the form of white crystalline powder. Its solubility is 200 times greater than benzoic acid. Utilization The inhibition activity of sodium benzoate is mainly against yeasts and moulds. Bacteria are only partially inhibited. It is used for preservation of sour foods, which has a pH of 4-4. 5 or lowers, as they can tolerate at acidic pHs. The usual quantity applied is 0. 05-0. 1% Mechanisms of action The undissociated part of benzoic acid is the effective agent. Its action is pH dependent because it has to penetrate the cell wall of the microorganisms in order to develop its action. Generally, it has been discovered to influence the enzyme controlling acetic acid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, the preservative also intervene at various points in the tricarboxylic cycle, especially where the dehydrogenases of ? -ketoglutaric acid and succinic acid are involved. 7. Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) It was found in the honey roast sandwich ham . Properties It is the salt of nitrous acid. It is a white to pale yellowish granular powder with salty taste. It has a high solubility in water. Utilization It is used primarily to preserve the red colour of meat. Apart from this, sodium nitrite also demonstrates antimicrobial activity. It is particularly effective against outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum, which can produce the deadly toxin, botulin. Mechanisms of action The nitrite oxidises the iron ( ) state of the muscle myoglobin to the iron ( ) state. Fe 2+ + No2- + H+Â   Fe3+ + NO + OH- The myoglobin (Mb) is converted to metamyoglobin (MMb). The resulting nitrogen oxide will react with the iron MMb to form nitrosyl metmyoglobin (MMbNO). The respiratory system of the muscle tissue will reduce MMbNO to nitrosyl myoglobin, MbNO, which is the red pigment of the uncooked bacon and ham. The antimicrobial effect, which is termed as Perigo effect , is related to the residual nitrite in ham. During cooking of the ham, much of the residual nitrite is broken down to nitrogen oxide. NO has an inhibition effect on at least one enzyme (namely pyruvate:ferrodoxin oxidoreductase), which plays an important role in the energy metabolism. Interfering activity of NO includes inhibiting oxygen uptake, oxidative phosphorylation and H+ dependent active transport. Furthermore, the uncoupler also causes collapse of proton gradient. As a result, the growth and toxin production of Clostridium botulinum is severely affected. Apart from NaNO2, Sodium nitrate is used in curing of meat to supply the nitrite. This is due to the reason that nitrite is the effective agent. NO3- + 2[H] NO2- + H2O 8. Sorbic acid (C6H8O2) It was found in cheese. Properties It is a white monocyclic crystal with a specific odour and sour taste. It will melt at 132 to 135 0C. The solubility increases with temperature. It is effective over a broad range of pH but ineffective above pH 7. Utilization It is effective against mould and yeast but only marginally effective against bacteria. This makes it very suitable as a cheese preservative because it permits the fermentation action of lactic acid bacteria. Mechanisms of action The activity of sorbic acid is very pH dependent. The un-dissociated acid constituent, which is antimicrobial, will penetrate the cell wall in order to develop action in the cell. Its action includes inhibition of various enzymes such as enolase and lactate dehydrogenase and others. One of the ways is by forming covalent bonds between its own double bonds and the SH groups of enzymes. 9. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) It was found in ready to eat apricot dried fruits. Properties SO2 is a colourless, non-combustible gas with a pungent odour. It dissolves in water to yield sulphurous acid. The density of SO2 is twice higher than that of air. Usage It is widely used in many foods and beverages as preservatives and antioxidants. Its functions include prevention of oxidation, inhibition of chemical and enzymatic reactions and the inhibition of the growth of yeasts, moulds and bacteria. It is commonly used in the form or sodium hydrogen sulphite, sodium metabisulphite, potassium metabisulphite and calcium hydrogen sulphite. Mechanisms of action In the production of dehydrated fruits, SO2 provides protection against oxidative, enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning reactions. Moreover, it also helps to delay colour changes or acts as bleaching agent. SO2 prevents enzymatic browning by inactivating the phenolases, which are mainly found in fruits and vegetables. These enzymes facilitate the conversion of colourless phenolic compounds to highly coloured quinones. Fig 1 Fig 2 In non-enzymatic browning, SO2 inhibits discoloration by blocking compounds with reactive carbonyl groups, the nonreactive hydroxy sulphonate sugar derivatives. Although SO2 itself is successful in many systems in very low concentration, combinations with other preservatives such as sorbic acid, sorbates and ascorbic acid may be more effective for browning prevention in certain foods and beverages. 10. Vitamin E It was found in vegetable fat spread. Properties It is a group of derivatives of 6-hydroxychroman carrying a phytyl side chain. There are two main groups of compound, which have vitamin E activity, the tocopherols and tocotrienols. The vitamin E content of foods is expressed as mg ? tocopherol. Therefore, vitamin E is sometimes labelled as tocopherols in the product. Utilization It functions as an antioxidant in oily and fatty foods. Rancidity of foods resulted from autoxidation of the unsaturated fatty acid is prevented. Mechanisms of action As an antioxidant, vitamin E blocks the free-radical chain reactions of lipid peroxidation. References 1. Belitz, H. D. and W. Grosch (1999) Food Chemistry, (2nd edition), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany. 2. Coultate, T. P. (1996), Food: The Chemistry of Its Components, (3rd edition), Royal Society of Chemistry Paperback, Cambridge, p239-241, 247-257.

History and Invention of Gasoline

History and Invention of Gasoline Gasoline was not invented, it is a natural by-product of the petroleum industry, kerosene being the principal product. Gasoline is produced by distillation, the separating of the volatile, more valuable fractions of crude petroleum. However, what was invented were the numerous processes and agents needed to improve the quality of gasoline making it a better commodity. The Automobile When the history of the automobile was heading in the direction of becoming the number one method of transportation. There was created a need for new fuels. In the ​nineteenth century, coal, gas, camphene, and kerosene made from petroleum were being used as fuels and in lamps. However, automobile engines required fuels that needed petroleum as a raw material. Refineries could not convert crude oil into gasoline fast enough as automobiles were rolling off the ​assembly line. Cracking There was a need for improvement in the refining process for fuels that would prevent engine knocking and increase engine efficiency. Especially for the new high compression automobile engines that were being designed. The processes that were invented to improve the yield of gasoline from crude oil were known as cracking. In petroleum refining, cracking is a process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into lighter molecules by means of heat, pressure, and sometimes catalysts. Thermal Cracking: William Meriam Burton Cracking is the number one process for the commercial production of gasoline. In 1913, thermal cracking was invented by William Meriam Burton, a process that employed heat and high pressures. Catalytic Cracking Eventually, catalytic cracking replaced thermal cracking in gasoline production. Catalytic cracking is the application of catalysts that create chemical reactions, producing more gasoline. The catalytic cracking process was invented by Eugene Houdry in 1937. Additional Processes Other methods used to improve the quality of gasoline and increase its supply including: Polymerization: converting gaseous olefins, such as propylene and butylene, into larger molecules in the gasoline rangeAlkylation: a process combining an olefin and paraffin such as isobutaneIsomerization: the conversion of straight-chain hydrocarbons to branched-chain hydrocarbonsReforming: using either heat or a catalyst to rearrange a molecular structure Timeline of Gasoline and Fuel Improvements 19th-century  fuels for the automobile were coal tar distillates and the lighter fractions from the distillation of crude oil.On September 5, 1885, the first gasoline pump was manufactured by Sylvanus Bowser of Fort Wayne, Indiana and delivered to Jake Gumper, also of Fort Wayne. The gasoline pump tank had marble valves and wooden plungers and had a capacity of one barrel.On September 6, 1892, the first gasoline-powered tractor, manufactured by John Froelich of Iowa, was shipped to Langford, South Dakota, where it was employed in threshing for approximately 2 months. It had a vertical single-cylinder gasoline engine mounted on wooden beams and drove a J. I. Case threshing machine. Froelich formed the Waterloo Gasoline Tractor Engine Company, which was later acquired by the John Deere Plow Company.On June 11, 1895, the first U.S. patent for a gasoline-powered automobile was issued to  Charles Duryea  of Springfield, Massachusetts.By the early  20th century, the oil companies w ere producing gasoline as a simple distillate from petroleum. During the 1910s, laws prohibited the storage of gasoline on residential properties.On January 7, 1913, William Meriam Burton received a patent for his cracking process to convert oil to gasoline.On January 1, 1918, the first U.S. gasoline pipeline began transporting gasoline through a  three-inch  pipe over 40 miles from Salt Creek to Casper, Wyoming.Charles Kettering  modified an internal combustion engine to run on kerosene. However,  kerosene-fueled  engine knocked and would crack the cylinder head and pistons.Thomas Midgley Jr.  discovered that the cause of the knocking was from the kerosene droplets vaporizing on combustion. Anti-knock agents were researched by Midgley, culminating in tetraethyl lead being added to fuel.On February 2, 1923, for the first time in U.S. history ethyl gasoline was marketed. This took place in Dayton, Ohio.In 1923, Almer McDuffie McAfee developed the petroleum industrys first commercially viable catalytic cracking process, a method that could double or even triple the gasoline yielded from crude oil  by then-standard  distillation methods. By the mid-1920s, gasoline  was  40 to 60 Octane.By the 1930s, the petroleum industry stopped using kerosene.Eugene Houdry invented the catalytic cracking of low-grade fuel into high test gasoline in 1937.During the 1950s, the increase of the compression ratio and higher octane fuels occurred. Lead levels increased and new refining processes (hydrocracking) began.In 1960, Charles Plank and Edward Rosinski patented (U.S. #3,140,249) the first zeolite catalyst commercially useful in the petroleum industry for catalytic cracking of petroleum into lighter products such as gasoline.In the 1970s, unleaded fuels were introduced.From 1970 until 1990 lead was phased out.In 1990, the Clean Air Act created major changes on gasoline, rightfully intended to eliminate pollution.

Using Mobile Technology and Mobile devices in the workplace Essay

Using Mobile Technology and Mobile devices in the workplace - Essay Example In fact, a research carried out by the Foresights Networks and Telecommunications, Q1 2011, indicate that 64 percent of all firms in North America and Europe identify the provision of adequate mobility support for their staff as a top priority (Wright, Mooney, & Parham, 2011). Memorandum To: Leslie Anderson President, SC Technology Company From: Lehua Lashua IT Administrator Subject: Mobile Devices in the Workplace Date: November 14, 2012 Executive summary The benefits that come along with mobile devices and mobile technology usage at work places are many and influence the employee’s accessibility, quality, and ability to make meaningful decisions based on the given information timelines. People use mobile devices in addition to other office tools to mediate the tasks and activities required to fulfill certain responsibilities at work (Brennen, 2011). Thus, it is essential for organizations to apply the use of mobile technology and mobile devices with respect to the need to achieve goals set and objectives allocated by an organization. Today’s world is so technologically vibrant such that in order to attain the set targets and meet every customer’s demand, organizations should find it imperative to adopt and integrate the application of mobile devices and mobile technology.... This report will seek to propose why organizations such as SC Technology Company need to acquire, integrate, and coordinate the use of mobile technology and mobile devices at workplace. Introduction As mobile technology continues to advance and mobile devices become much cheaper and evolve with regard to their portability, interfaces, bandwidth, features, and context awareness, people are constantly making these devices part of their social and professional worlds. The introduction of the so-called â€Å"Smartphone† has irreversibly revolutionized the way people conduct business. Whilst laptops and desktops continued to dominate the last decade and half, the advent of mobile computing technology has become much more novel, changed the presentation even though not necessarily the way people currently do business (Wright, Mooney, & Parham, 2011). Exponentially, the business world has injected new and sophisticated technological devices and other products that are transforming th ey way companies view profit margins, competition, and time. The application and use of mobile devices have erased working boundaries and replaced them with substantially portable, integrated, and accessible gadgets. These devices are suitable for doing away with the distance involved in cases where employees used to take time and resources before realizing the intended objectives (Katz, 2011). Purpose The main of this essay is to prepare a report based on an ongoing research regarding the application and use of mobile devices and mobile technology in workplaces (SC Technology Company). It will also report on how mobile technology and mobile devices can help increase an organization’s productivity and

Coroner system and medical system Research Paper

Coroner system and medical system - Research Paper Example Later on the coroner system established itself as an agency and in 1888 the system of election for coroners was abolished. It was then that the coroners had to be appointed by the designated authorities (Iyer et al 2006). Medical Examiner system also takes its root from the coroner system as it was introduced in America in early 1600s. It was in those times that the coroner and sheriff’s office was the same. It was in 1860 that collaboration of physicians with the coroners began to develop in the New World. It was in 1877 that a system was established in Massachusetts that a coroner has to be assisted by physicians who were known as the medical examiners. However in those times the physicians were only involved when the death occurred in violent conditions. Pathology soon became a branch of jurisprudence in the 19th century and it was in 1890 that the Board of Baltimore announced the integration of two physicians in examination of dead bodies. It was here that the medical exam iner system was established and these physicians had to perform autopsies on the order of the coroner or attorney. In 1915 the office of coroner was abolished and the medical examiner system took over the states (Iyer et al 2006; Institute of Medicine 2003). Education Requirements The requirement for the post of coroner is a degree in medical or legal field. In some cases it is seen that an attorney, advocate or even magistrate has been made a coroner. The medical examiners on the other hand should have a degree related to medicine or pathology. These examiners have a certificate in medical specialty and are termed as forensic pathologists (Iyer et al 2006). Duties The duties of coroners and medical examiners are almost the same with regard to the conditions in which the death has occurred. The medical examiners are entitled to find out the cause of death and whether it is natural or unnatural. They use their skills of forensic laboratory to find out that as to if the death has occu rred on that spot or not. Moreover they conduct autopsies and laboratory tests to find out the exact physiological mechanism of death. The coroners on the other hand are also involved to find out the time, cause and mechanism of death. The coroners do not necessarily have medical knowledge to interpret the physiological functions of the body hence they rely upon the evidence that is present on the site. In some cases the coroners also use their prior experience to find out the causes of the death which is not the case of a forensic pathologist (Iyer et al 2006). Appointment of Coroners and Medical Examiners Coroners are appointed by election by a group of people but they must have some qualification in relevance to the field of law or medicine. It is not necessary that they have expertise in the field of forensics whereas Medical Examiners are appointed through an executive council. The council looks forward to the qualifications of the medical examiners and they are then appointed on the basis of merit. Coroners on the other hand are appointed by a group of officials or a group from the general public. Both the offices of coroners and medical examiners have their own position in the society. There are some countries which follow the old system of coroners whereas some follow the new medical examiner system. The integrity of both the systems has been argued at many instances (Iyer et al 2006

Islam and Religious Group Essay Example for Free

Islam and Religious Group Essay †¢Religious groups (based on http://religions. pewforum. org/pdf/affiliations-all-traditions. pdf) oChristianity †¢Evangelical Protestant †¢Mainline Protestant †¢Historically Black Churches †¢Roman Catholic †¢Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) †¢Jehovah’s Witnesses †¢Orthodox (Greek, Eastern) oJudaism (Orthodox, Conservative, or Reform) oBuddhism (Theravada or Mahayana) oIslam (Sunni, Shia, Sufism) oHinduism †¢Ethnic groups (based on divisions in U. S. Census Bureau documents) oAsian (Asian descent) oBlack (African descent). oHispanic and Latino (South or Central American descent) oPacific Islander (Polynesian descent) oWhite (European descent) Part III Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each about the religious group you selected: †¢How does your selected religious group differ from other religious groups (such as in their beliefs, worship practices, or values)? †¢What has been the experience of your selected religious group with others that do not share its beliefs or practices? †¢In what ways has the religious group you selected contributed to American culture? †¢Provide specific examples of prejudice or discrimination your selected religious group has experienced. †¢What were the sources of this prejudice or discrimination? †¢Does what you’ve learned about this religious group help you understand it? In what ways? Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each about the ethnic group you selected: †¢How does your selected ethnic group differ from other ethnic groups (such as differences in ancestry, language, or culture)? †¢What has been your selected ethnic group’s experience with other ethnic groups? †¢In what ways has the ethnic group you selected contributed to American culture? †¢Identify some specific examples of prejudice or discrimination that your selected ethnic group has experienced historically. †¢What were the sources of this prejudice or discrimination? †¢Does what you’ve learned about this ethnic group help you understand it? How? Part IV Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each: †¢How are the prejudice and discrimination experienced by your selected religious group and ethnic group similar? †¢How are they different? †¢Can you draw any conclusions about discrimination from this comparison.

Essay --

Looking at how Nepal’s consumer action is associated with the quest of finding modernity, modernity is an important indicator for changes for the better in the chains of economic, social, political, and even in relation to religious bondage. The definition of modernity lies from the daily demands and possibilities of transformation of social and material context against the deeply rooted cultural and moral values, system of prestige, and notions of propriety within Kathmandu (Liechty, 2003). Modernity help perpetuate its hold over society for those who hold the power. These changes in society can occur in response to people desire to fit into society and not only that. Finding modernization can be seen as a blind pursuit of westernization form rather than their content and values toward Kathmandu. Modernity has many attributes to influence middle-class system in Kathmandu such as that being modern can go beyond just being a self-centered individual. Modernity comes in many att ributes mainly through the process of mind and not through the lifestyles which include the implications of acceptance of diversity, endeavors the change within circumstances of a modern person, and beauty giving rise to one to bear the tyranny of life and energy to bringing desired changes to modernity. Overall, the Nepali quest of modernity has been in struggle in at least three centuries (Lal, 2001). Marx theory on class insist that cultural practice must be located in context of unequal distribution of power and resources between class usually hierarchal society, whereas in Weber theory on class, concern on the role of culture in social lifestyle including education and consumer goods (Liechty, 2003). The concept of Weber’s theory is very important in mi... ...ce or project of something performed by groups of people. The definition of class must go beyond the passive and objective of the meaning of â€Å"what is class† into â€Å"what does the class itself do in relation to cultural practice.† In Kathmandu middle-class society, the cultural process pertains to the practice of carving out the cultural space where that people can act and speak for himself or herself in existence of the established culture. This could be in a form of stories of morality and value, status and honor, consumer practices and goods, media consumptions, and creation of â€Å"modern youth† by class. People produce the cultural space of class when language, goods, ideas, and values are practice everyday (Liechty, 2003). You will be able to see the emergence of class after viewing the vivid ethnographic facts that are repetitively produced in the cultural practice.

Ohm’s law & resistors in parallel & in series Essay

Objectives: Our object is to confirm Ohm’s law by analyzing the dependence of the electrical current as a function of voltage and as a function of resistance. Also, we studied the current flow and voltage in series and parallel. Finally, the lab determined the equivalence resistance of series and parallel combination of resistors and compared the results with theoretical data. Theoretical Background: The first thing that needs to be described in this lab is what the electric current I: I =. The electric current is defined as charge over time and the unit is ampere (A). In a case where we have the voltage, resistance and current we can set the equation for resistance to be; R = where the unit is called Ohm (â„ ¦). â€Å"The current through a resistor is directly proportional to the applied voltage V and inversely proportional to the resistance† (College Physics Laboratory Experiments, 43) in our lab experiment we used some machinery to produce and to measure voltage and some current. We were then able to find its resistance. These apparatus are called ammeter which displays the amount of current in circuit, and the voltmeter to read the voltage (potential difference). Reminding that this diagram is named circuit and V is applied across the ends of the metallic conductors. The second part of our lab was dedicated to find the resistance in the resistors both in parallel and in series. The formula to find the resistance through series is fairly easy; it looks a lot like the formula in series for conductors. It’s basically RA+RB+RC = Req. When it comes to find the total  resistance when the resistors are in parallel we add the reciprocal of the combination of resistors. It will look like this; + + = Procedure: Part 1: Verification of Ohm’s Law 1 Investigate the variation of the current with potential difference when the resistance is constant. a Set up the circuit as shown in Fig 4.2 and chose the resistance of the variable resistor box of R = 1000 â„ ¦. Set the ammeter to the range of mA and the voltmeter across the resistor the range of 25V. b After the instructor has checked the circuits, turn on the power supply. c Vary the output voltage of the power supply from 4 V to 10 V in the increment of 1 V and record the readings of the voltage V across the resistor and the corresponding current I through the resistor in Table 1. d Using the same circuit setup, set resistance of the variable resistor box to R = 1200â„ ¦ and repeat the steps 2 and 3. 2 Investigate the variation of the current with resistance when the voltage is constant. a Use the same circuit setup and set the output voltage of power supply to 12V. b By keeping the output voltage of the power supply constant, vary the resistance of the resistor box from 700 â„ ¦ to 1700 â„ ¦ in increments of 200 â„ ¦. Record values of the current I through the resistor and the corresponding resistance R in table2. Data: Attached to report. Calculations: 1 Use the data from table 1 to plot a graph of current Vs. voltage for both values of the resistance. Determine the slope of the graph. From the slope of the graph find the resistance using: a) R = R = R =1000 â„ ¦ % diff = = 0% b) R = R = R =1250 â„ ¦ c) Slope = 12.7 V = 12 v Questions: 1. Does your resistance follow Ohm’s law? Base your answer on your experimental data. The resistance does closely follow Ohm’s law because when using the data mathematically it is closely related to the resistance present in the data. 2. A typical color television draws about 2.5 A when connected a 120V source. What is the effective resistance of the TV set? I = , R = = = 48 â„ ¦ 3. Explain the difference between series and parallel connections. In a series circuit the charge is 1/Q + 2/Q + while in a parallel connection, the charge is added to the total voltage. 4. Does your experiment present evidence that the current divides in a parallel circuit? No. 5. From your experimental observations of a series circuit, what relationship do you find between the voltages across the individual resistance and voltage across the entire series group? The voltage in a series compared to parallel is much lower 6. From your experimental observations of a series circuit, what relationship do you find between the voltages across the individual resistance and current flow across the entire series network? The resistance is constant. 7. Conclusion: Our results for both parts of this lab demonstrated the relationship outlined by Ohm’s Law and fostered a higher comprehension of the mechanisms driving circuit behavior. The direct relationships between voltage, current, and resistance allow measurements of the voltage and current without resistance being known. Additionally, the ability to manipulate voltage allowed the experiment to contain a sense of systematic collection of data to provide a contextual experimental example of the relationships in Ohm’s law. Moreover, the experiment also demonstrated how the different are configurations of resistors, parallel.

Jesse Pinkman Character Analysis

Humanities 103 October 20th , 2012 Character Analysis The character that I chose to analyze is Jesse Pinkman from the show Breaking Bad. Breaking Bad is considered to be one of the best shows of all times. The show alone won about 14 different awards and has been nominated for a variety of different categories and awards. Not to mention all the awards and nominations its actors, and director has received. The show has outstanding acting and quality production value. Breaking Bad is a story about a chemistry teacher Walter White who gets lung cancer and breaks bad to make money for his family before he passes away.He decides start making and distributing methamphetamine after having seen the amount of money it is able to bring in. Walter encounters Jesse while on a ride along with his brother-in-law who works as DEA agent, and that is when he gets idea to work with him. Jesse is Walter’s former student who is already involved in the drug scene, they start off together as a team when Walter makes a deal with Jesse not to turn him to the DEA, after having recognized him at the scene of a meth lab running away. The show takes them deeper into the hands of drug cartel as it goes on, and they go through a lot of absurd situations together.Jesse is a 25 year old man who is long estranged with his family . At a first glance you know nothing about Jesse besides the fact that he is what society would classify him as a low life. His occupation in the beginning is a meth cook, running a lab in a small house in house like conditions with his elementary school friend. As unappealing as his life might look to a viewer he is a very likable character, even in the beginning. We might conclude that Jesse is a high school drop out who has no further education is not very motivated to change anything about that.As a viever I did not see Jesse as one of the main characters for a long time in the first season. His role seemed to be somewhat unimportant in a way. Perhaps it is because of his lifestyle, and you are automatically assume he will be cut out because he is not very successful as a drug dealer that Walt expects him to be. But as the story develops and goes on Jesse actually becomes one of my most favored actors and characters. He is easy to be sympathetic to and in a strange way very relatable. You learn more and more about his character and his life, and values.At a much further part of the show a lot of his personal issues and life is uncovered. He comes from an upper-middle class family with parents with very high expectations. Getting a glimpse of his parents’ behavior with Jesse’s younger brother makes you realize that the reason why he is the way he is, is simply out of rebellion. Jesse was not a successful student at school, presumably because he was already using drugs even in his teen years. He was kicked out of his house by his parents because of his rebellious behavior. Jesse then moves into his aunt’s house who h as cancer, and he becomes her primary care giver.After his aunt passes away Jesse remains living in her home. As a person Jesse is relatable and believable, because in our society today we see more and more high school drop outs. Thinking back to high school I can see a lot of potential Jesses there. They have type of dialogue, clothing style, and behavioral problems. I remember seeing guys like that at parties and I knew I had to stay away, and keep my distance because they were either intimidating, or I simply did not want to associate myself with people like that. But men like are shaped because of rejection and unacceptance.As we get know Jesse we see a lot of good in him. Even though he is not close to his parents he has a good relationship with his younger brother, and is protective of him. Jesse takes the blame of having marijuana in his parents’ home after he tries to take shelter there again, but ends up getting kicked out again for fault of not his own. Jesse in gen eral is very protective over children and feels the need to keep them away from his own ways and lifestyle. He is very angered and upset whenever the story involved any kind of harm to a child.Even though Jesse acknowledges that he is a criminal, he has a very hard time dealing with any deaths involved and participating in murder. You could tell that he feels remorse and regret when a situation calls for murder and he is the one to have dealt with it. He doesn’t want to be involved in any criminal activities and wants to get his life straight. Taking that into consideration the viewer sees him as less of a villain, and desires for him to succeed and get better. When Jesse is faced with a stressful situation or one that involves a quick decision, he becomes very aggressive, and anxious.Having been forced into the bigger picture of the drug dealing world by Walter he is often reluctant and unreliable. He is often not taken serious due to his drug addiction, and doesn’t h ave much value to the antagonists of the show. However Jesse does transform from the person he was when he just entered that world to a more fully-grown man as the show develops. Walter’s and his ordeals teach him a lot of lessons and responsibilities in the business. But no matter the situation he never turns his back on Walter and persists to protect Walter from any potential risk to his life.There comes a point for Jesse where his value is being tested, and he proves himself valuable and loyal. Jesse cleans up his act and becomes sober, but still acts out on occasion. He is later placed under supervision of Mike, who is the go-to guy for sticky situations. Since Jesse has never had a good father figure, Mike becomes that to him, and Jesse begins to look up to him in a way. I think that Jesse was good asset in the show because he made it more believable as a story of the ordinary life. Aaror Paul is the actor who portrays Jesse and he does a wonderful job playing his charac ter, and has even gotten awards for it.Like I have previously said, Jesse is a very common type of a person we might see in out society today, and the acting by Aaron makes it easy to refer to those type of people. His transformation story is very touchy and convincing, and he might even develop emotional attachment to his character, leaving you wanting him to prevail his problems. The show unveils his potential as a person and shows all the good ethics in him, which perhaps was a â€Å"call to action† stunt to the viewers to reconsider opinions about stereotypes.

Free Essays on Christopher Pikes “The Listener“

Plot Synopsis: â€Å"The Listeners† by Christopher Pike The story begins in present day LA during the last few days of FBI agent David Conner’s career. At age 39 Conner A 15-year veteran of the FBI is retiring for good after the murder of his girlfriend and the accidental death of the young girl David was sent to rescue on his last assignment. David believes that he indirectly caused both of their deaths and because of this he has lost his faith in Truth, Justice and the American way, unlike his good friend and boss Ned Calendar who at the age of 70 is also about to retire. Ned gives David one last assignment which he insists only he can handle, and after a short briefing and much deliberation, David is on a plane to Boise Idaho to investigate a Channeling group headed by Anthropologist Dr. Spear, a strange man with a mysterious past. Channeling is a new age term, which is basically going into hypnosis and allowing entities to speak through you. David is curious as to why the FBI would be concerned with such matters and Ned reluctantly informs him that the FBI had come across some memoirs that spear wrote in which he talks about an entity that the group channeled. This entity which calls itself the Big Mind described certain classified information within the government and when the FBI checked it out they found that the Big Mind’s information was correct. They are concerned about how much the Big Mind knows so they want to sent an agent undercover as a reporter to investigate the group on their retreat. When David arrives in Boise the first members he meet are identical twins, Vera and Lucy. Lucy had discovered her talent a year ago when she was working as a massage therapist during her senior year in Stanford. She often used Applied Kinesiology or locking of the muscles to learn things about her clients, eventually she realized she didn’t need to use AK to learn things about people, that the answers just popped... Free Essays on Christopher Pike's â€Å"The Listenerâ€Å" Free Essays on Christopher Pike's â€Å"The Listenerâ€Å" Plot Synopsis: â€Å"The Listeners† by Christopher Pike The story begins in present day LA during the last few days of FBI agent David Conner’s career. At age 39 Conner A 15-year veteran of the FBI is retiring for good after the murder of his girlfriend and the accidental death of the young girl David was sent to rescue on his last assignment. David believes that he indirectly caused both of their deaths and because of this he has lost his faith in Truth, Justice and the American way, unlike his good friend and boss Ned Calendar who at the age of 70 is also about to retire. Ned gives David one last assignment which he insists only he can handle, and after a short briefing and much deliberation, David is on a plane to Boise Idaho to investigate a Channeling group headed by Anthropologist Dr. Spear, a strange man with a mysterious past. Channeling is a new age term, which is basically going into hypnosis and allowing entities to speak through you. David is curious as to why the FBI would be concerned with such matters and Ned reluctantly informs him that the FBI had come across some memoirs that spear wrote in which he talks about an entity that the group channeled. This entity which calls itself the Big Mind described certain classified information within the government and when the FBI checked it out they found that the Big Mind’s information was correct. They are concerned about how much the Big Mind knows so they want to sent an agent undercover as a reporter to investigate the group on their retreat. When David arrives in Boise the first members he meet are identical twins, Vera and Lucy. Lucy had discovered her talent a year ago when she was working as a massage therapist during her senior year in Stanford. She often used Applied Kinesiology or locking of the muscles to learn things about her clients, eventually she realized she didn’t need to use AK to learn things about people, that the answers just popped...

How the Versailles Treaty Contributed to Hitlers Rise

How the Versailles Treaty Contributed to Hitler's Rise In 1919, a defeated Germany was presented with peace terms by the victorious powers of World War I. Germany wasn’t invited to negotiate and was given a stark choice: sign or be invaded. Perhaps inevitably, given the years of mass bloodshed German leaders had caused, the result was the Treaty of Versailles. But from the start, the terms of the treaty caused anger, hate, and revulsion across German society. Versailles was called a diktat, a dictated peace. The German Empire from 1914 was split up, the military carved to the bone, and huge reparations demanded. The treaty caused turmoil in the new, highly troubled Weimar Republic, but, although Weimar survived  into the 1930s, it can be argued that key provisions of the Treaty contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler. The Treaty of Versailles was criticized at the time by some voices among the victors, including economists such as John Maynard Keynes. Some claimed the treaty would simply delay a resumption of war for a few decades, and when Hitler rose to power in the 1930s and started a  second world war, these predictions seemed prescient. In the years after World War II, many commentators pointed to the treaty as being a key enabling factor. Others, however, praised the Treaty of Versailles and said the connection between the treaty and the Nazis was minor. Yet Gustav Stresemann, the best-regarded politician of the Weimar era, was constantly trying to counter the terms of the treaty and restore German power. The Stabbed in the Back Myth At the end of World War I, the Germans offered an armistice to their enemies, hoping negotiations could take place under the Fourteen Points of Woodrow Wilson. However, when the treaty was presented to the German delegation, with no chance to negotiate, they had to accept a peace that many in Germany saw as arbitrary and unfair. The signatories and the Weimar government that had sent them were seen by many as the November Criminals. Some Germans believed this outcome had been planned. In the later years of the war, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff had been in command of Germany. Ludendorff called for a peace deal but, desperate to shift the blame for defeat away from the military, he handed power to the new government to sign the treaty while the military stood back, claiming it hadn’t been defeated but had been betrayed by the new leaders. In the years after the war, Hindenburg claimed the army had been stabbed in the back. Thus the military escaped blame. When Hitler rose to power in the 1930s, he repeated the claim that the military had been stabbed in the back and that surrender terms had been dictated. Can the Treaty of Versailles be blamed for Hitlers rise to power? The terms of the treaty, such as Germanys acceptance of blame for the war, allowed myths to flourish. Hitler was obsessed with the belief that Marxists and Jews had been behind the failure in World War I and had to be removed to prevent failure in World War II. The Collapse of the German Economy It can be argued that Hitler may not have taken power without the massive economic depression that struck the world, including Germany, in the late 1920s. Hitler promised a way out, and a disaffected populace turned to him. It can also be argued Germany’s economic troubles at this time were due- at least in part- to the Treaty of Versailles. The victors in World War I had spent a colossal sum of money, which had to be paid back. The ruined continental landscape and economy had to be rebuilt. France and Britain were facing huge bills, and the answer for many was to make Germany pay. The amount to be repaid in reparations was huge, set at $63 billion at the time, later reduced to $33 billion and finally $28 billion. But just as Britains effort to make American colonists pay for the French and Indian War backfired, so did reparations. It wasn’t the cost that proved the problem since reparations had been all but neutralized after the 1932 Lausanne Conference, but the way the German economy became massively dependent on American investment and loans. This was fine when the American economy was surging, but when it collapsed during the Great Depression Germany’s economy was ruined as well. Soon six million people were unemployed, and the populace became drawn to right-wing nationalists. It’s been argued that the economy was liable to collapse even if America’s had stayed strong because of Germanys problems with foreign finance. It also has been argued that leaving pockets of Germans in other nations via the territorial settlement in the Treaty of Versailles was always going to lead to conflict when Germany tried to reunite everyone. While Hitler used this as an excuse to attack and invade, his goals of conquest in Eastern Europe went far beyond anything that can be attributed to the Treaty of Versailles. Hitlers Rise to Power The Treaty of Versailles created a small army full of monarchist officers, a state within a state that remained hostile to the democratic Weimar Republic and that succeeding German governments didn’t engage with. This helped create a power vacuum, which the army tried to fill with  Kurt von Schleicher before backing Hitler. The small army left many ex-soldiers unemployed and ready to join the warring on the street. The Treaty of Versailles contributed greatly to the alienation many Germans felt about their civilian, democratic government. Combined with the actions of the military, this provided rich material Hitler used to gain support on the right. The treaty also triggered a process by which the German economy was rebuilt based on U.S. loans to satisfy a key point of Versailles, making the nation especially vulnerable when the Great Depression hit. Hitler exploited this, too, but these were just two elements in Hitler’s rise. The requirement for reparations, the political turmoil over dealing with them, and the rise and fall of governments, as a result, helped keep the wounds open and gave right-wing nationalists fertile ground to prosper.

PHILOSOPHY FINAL EXAM PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PHILOSOPHY FINAL EXAM PAPER - Essay Example One hand writes â€Å"red.† The other writes â€Å"blue†. The left brain is able to enunciate â€Å"I see red.† The verbal component is important, because Parfit’s definition of identity is that identity exists because we talk about it, we name it. So the split-brain, Parfit says, represents two streams of consciousness. Both hemispheres are conscious as long as they are intact. Parfit then says this dual consciousness equals two people in the same body. Then he says that in the sense that identity is a named collection of objects (memories, thoughts, emotions) there are no identities here, because the original person has been split in two. I believe that consciousness equals identity, but more on that later. Stairs posits the Ego Theory, where the existence of the ego explains the existence of the person. Parfit’s shallow definition of personal identity as a named collection of parts is put to the test. Stairs wants Parfit to look at the complexity of the collection: â€Å"we do make a distinction†¦between mere assemblages and things that have a coherence or unity†¦From the mere fact that a thing is compound, it simply does not follow that its existence as a thing is merely nominal† (Stairs). ... Parfit says that a person is a long series of experiences, thoughts and feelings. Memory is â€Å"a causal relation that ties together the items in the series† (Stairs). In Bundle Theory, this group or series of feelings has certain facts that can describe them, as well as describe the causal relationships between them (Stairs). Parfit does an â€Å"either or† or false dilemma argument between Ego Theory and Bundle Theory, stating: â€Å"Either P or Q Not--P Therefore, Q Either the Ego Theory or the Bundle Theory is correct The Ego Theory is not correct Therefore, the Bundle Theory is correct.† (Stairs). Is the premise true? No. It is a false dilemma: Either A or B. No alternate explanations are provided, even though they may exist. The form of the argument is correct, but the initial premise is false. The argument is invalid. Stairs disagrees with Parfit in the example of identity as memory: â€Å"The process that led from your experience to my memory [of you t elling me about your experience] is not the right sort to bring two events into the series that composes a life† (Stairs). My memory of your story of your experience is not the same as your experience, or your memory of your experience. I can’t get past the idea that the identity does not survive, yet something survives. Here are some arguments. On page 5: In hoping for both to survive, I would be preferring death (for one half--my addition) to survival. Definition of terms: survival=one half survives. I=ego presupposing my existence=me. If survival is possible for me if one half survives and If survival is impossible for me if both halves survive Then I would hope for one half to survive. Wishing for both to survive implies a death wish until survival